Actions

History

Wiki » History » Revision 27

« Previous | Revision 27/36 (diff) | Next »
Joseph Potvin, 09/05/2022 01:26 AM

The Certified Subset Currency Framework¶

Version of this text: 0.1.8
License of this text: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-by 4.0)
Author: Joseph Potvin [email protected]
https://xalgorithms.redminepro.net/projects/certified-currency-working-group/wiki/Wiki

Summary¶

This framework provides a way for participants along a supply chain to establish decentralized rules-based subsets of conventional currencies in order to anchor payment worth (expressed with money through price) to a selected set of economic fundamentals.

Purpose¶

Contracting parties have a mutual interest in protecting their intended terms of agreement from chaotic monetary drift and volatility.[1] The Certified Subset Currency Framework describes a systematic way for participating businesses with their suppliers and their customers along a value chain to protect their contractual intent and market integrity from the degradation of monetary worth, holding to the criteria of sound money described by the 19th-century economist William Stanley Jevons.[2]

The Certified Subset Currency Framework:

creates a disciplined ‘sound money’ subset of ‘M0’ (‘monetary base’ or ‘high-powered money’);
supports both physical (paper or polymer) and digital transactions using ‘warehouse receipts’;
is operational with and without digital devices and Internet connectivity;
aligns with existing laws and business norms;
employs well-established instruments of commerce;
strengthens market freedom, competition and integrity;
features uncomplicated accession, verification, operation, expansion and termination;
can be implemented with any paper or polymer currencies or quasi-currencies.

A Certified Subset Currency Framework Agreement¶

Participants in a framework agreement for a certified subset currency use the serial numbers of conventional currency bills to demarcate a constrained M0 money supply held in secure storage, and adopt fair market rules to safeguard the worth of these bills across jurisdictions and through time.

A Certified Subset Currency Framework Agreement (CSCFA) comes into being when each of three or more participants signs, and shares with other Signatories, their own “Accession Letter of Agreement” that references a particular version of the Certified Subset Currency Framework. Together these letters establish a decentralized, distributed, peer-to-peer commitment among all the Signatories. There is no central or primary entity or individual.

The CSCFA Steering Committee determines and oversees implementations of the CSCFA legal model, risk management model, security model, operations model, audit model and maintenance fee model, which are appended to and become integral parts of the framework.
The CSCFA Steering Committee is accountable to ensure a fair and competitive market for independent operators of Certified Subset Currency Warehouses, through licensing, franchising or other arrangements as approved through its formal decisions.
Each Signatory is entitled to vote in elections for CSCFA Steering Committee members. There shall be a minimum of three and a maximum of 9 active CSCFA Steering Committee members.
The CSCFA Steering Committee has functional authority ONLY within the operational scope of the version of the Certified Subset Currency Framework that is referenced in the active Accession Letters.
CSCFA Steering Committee decisions are determined by "working consensus" (vote results may include "accepted" or "abstained", but none are "opposed"). In cases where working consensus cannot be reached, the Signatories convene a discussion (online and in-person) to resolve the matter through “rough consensus” (see: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7282).
The CSCFA Steering Committee may request that one or more individuals serve as ‘Coordinator(s)’. This role carries no enforceable management authority over the Signatories, or their assets.

The Certified Subset Currency Framework describes a non-restrictive, non-exclusive arrangement:

An Accession Letter to the Certified Subset Currency Framework does not restrict the Signatory, their companies or partners or clients or relatives from offering or engaging similar services, or derivative service types, or supplementary services under other titles outside the scope of this agreement. However the name "Certified Subset Currency” is reserved under copyright and trademark law for reference to successive versions of this Framework and its implementations.
Participation in a Certified Subset Currency Framework Agreement does not impinge on the prerogatives or responsibilities of anyone in relation to any other formal or informal agreement or process.
No Accession Letter to the Certified Subset Currency Framework restricts extension of the agreement to additional participants, however with a written explanation, the CSCFA Steering Committee may decline or terminate any Accession Letter and consequently return the stored currency to that Signatory.
Other than within the terms of the Accession Letter of Agreement, no Signatory acquires any liability or authority in relation to any other Signatory of another Accession Letter to the Certified Subset Currency Framework.
In exchange for the benefits of participation in a Certified Subset Currency Framework Agreement, the Signatory agrees to the maintenance fee rules established by the CSCFA Steering Committee.

Warehousing Currency¶

A network of independently-owned Certified Subset Currency Warehouses maintains a notaphily collection of conventional paper or polymer currency bills, where each bill is owned by one Signatory to the Certified Subset Currency Framework, as documented in the Certified Subset Currency Registry.

Signatories may store paper or polymer currency in denominations specified by the CSCFA Steering Committee (e.g. $10 bills; $20 bills; $50 bills; $100 bills). If a jurisdiction terminates the use of paper or polymer cash, other types of controlled paper or polymer instruments with verifiable unique serial numbers will suffice (e.g. a selection of coupons or gift certificates approved by the CSCFA Steering Committee).[3]
For the Signatory the stored currency bill is deemed to be “restricted cash” classified for accounting purposed as a “non-current asset”. This cash stock MUST NOT mingle and MUST NOT be leveraged by or for operational requirements of the Certified Subset Currency Warehouse(s).
Certified Subset Currency Warehouse service fees are administered in relation to operational costs that are reported to Signatories via the CSCFA Steering Committee’s official Web site, without linkage to the worth or ownership profile of the stored currency bills.
Each warehouse operates a currency sorting method with serial number recognition, counterfeit detection, and multi-currency capability (example: https://financialequipmentcompany.com/product/gd-bps-c4-15a-currency-sorter-with-air-assist/).
Certified Subset Currency Warehouses accept ONLY paper or polymer bills that meet at least the quality standard PMG 65 EPG (Paper Money Guaranty / Exceptional Paper Quality; https://www.pmgnotes.com/about/about-pmg), to facilitate efficient automated management.
The Operator of a Certified Subset Currency Warehouse stores physical paper and polymer currency bills in the alphanumeric order of their serial numbers, and provides support for prompt and easy on-site inspection by authorized personnel.
Any Signatory to the Certified Subset Currency Framework, and any jurisdictional regulator, may send a notary, accountant or lawyer (“authorized personnel”) to verify the physical existence of specific bills identified by their serial number(s) which they attest are owned by their client(s) in the Certified Subset Currency Warehouse, without appointment but with the requirement for recognized credentials, at any time during regular business hours customary within the municipality where the warehouse is situated.

Certifying Currency¶

When a Signatory to the Certified Subset Currency Framework places a paper or polymer currency bill for storage into a Certified Subset Currency Warehouse, the Operator of the warehouse immediately:

Issues to the owner an electronic Certified Subset Currency Warehouse Receipt with the serial number of the deposited paper or polymer currency bill, along with the identity and contact details of the current owner of the stored bill; and,
Updates the Certified Subset Currency Registry which relates the serial number of the deposited paper or polymer currency bill to the identity and contact details of the current owner of the stored bill.

Ownership is private and confidential information, however within the legal model and security model established by the CSCFA Steering Committee, any Signatory and any jurisdictional regulator, may have a notary, accountant or lawyer verify ownership in this decentralized distributed registry.

Except as specified in a “Variance to the Certified Subset Currency Framework” documented and signed by the CSCFA Steering Committee, and promptly posted online (e.g. via the CSCFA Steering Committee’s official Web site and messaging networks):

Each Certified Subset Currency Warehouse Receipt shall align with:

The UNCITRAL Model Law on Warehouse Receipts (MLWR) or if that is not yet published, then it shall confirm with: the most recent UNIDROIT recommendations for the MLWR (2022) https://www.unidroit.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Study-LXXXIII-W.G.4-Doc.-3-Preliminary-Draft-Model-Law.pdf https://www.unidroit.org/work-in-progress/model-law-on-warehouse-receipts/
The most recent UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (MLETR) https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/ecommerce/modellaw/electronic_transferable_records.
The Certified Subset Currency Ownership Registry shall align with the UNIDROIT Guide on Best Practices for Electronic Collateral Registries (2021) https://ctcap.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/BPER-Guide-9-September-Web-Copy.pdf.

Anchoring Worth¶

The network of Certified Subset Currency Warehouses maintains a notaphily collection of conventional currency bills that are distinguished from uncertified bills by an ownership registry, and by the anchoring of their face values to a specified index of worth.[4]

When contract prices and payments are specified for a Certified Subset Currency, this signifies that the Parties intend to hold the tangible worth of their agreements stable relative to a specified index. This stability is meaningful ONLY for the currency bills anchored to the same index of worth. Pricing and payment in the Certified Subset Currency is of limited effect during start-up only with few participants, however it is designed to have a strong ‘network effect’, that’s to say, to be become increasingly more useful as adoption incrementally expands among buyers and sellers along a supply chain.

It is the prerogative of each Signatory, together with their contracting counterparts, to determine which index aligns most closely with their preferred approach to anchoring the worth of their contract.

The Certified Subset Currency Framework includes an optional shortlist of indices that may be used alone or in combination:

Inflation-adjusted global stock market capitalization;
Global weighted producer prices;
Global primary commodity inventories index;
Economic productive capacity index;
Ecological productive capacity index.

Inflation-adjusted global stock market capitalization¶

Two indices in this category track total investment in publicly-traded companies on the world’s regulated stock exchanges.

World Federation of Exchanges: Total Equity Market – Capital raised by listed companies https://www.world-exchanges.org/home/index.php/statistics
S&P Global 1200 – This index captures approximately 70% of global stock market capitalization, with data developed from the S&P 500® (US), S&P Europe 350, S&P TOPIX 150 (Japan), S&P/TSX 60 (Canada), S&P/ASX All Australian 50, S&P Asia 50 and S&P Latin America 40.” https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/indices/equity/sp-global-1200/#overview

Global weighted producer prices¶

Producer Price Index (PPI), Weighted by National Income – The national PPI reported by each country, using their distinct methodologies, is then weighted by each country’s ‘Depletion-Adjusted Net National Income’ which subtracts from Gross National Income: (a) the consumption of fixed capital and (b) the depletion of natural resources. https://www.economy.com/indicators/producer-price-index-ppi https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.ADJ.NNTY.CD https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-development-indicators/series/NY.ADJ.NNTY.PC.KD https://www.wavespartnership.org/sites/waves/files/images/Constructing%20Adjusted%20National%20Income.pdf

Global primary commodity inventories¶

S&P GSCI Equal Weight Select Index – This index is chosen to approximate, with decentralized commodity warehouses, the general mechanism for commodity reserve currencies for centralized warehouses that has been described at various times by Ben Graham, Jan Goudriaan, Nicholas Kaldor, Jan Tinbergen, Frederick Hayek, John Maynard Keynes and Jean de Largentaye. https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/indices/commodities/sp-gsci-equal-weight-select/

Economic productive capacity¶

UNCTAD Productive Capacity Index – This composite index tracks a set of “productive resources, entrepreneurial capabilities and production linkages, which together determine the capacity of a country to produce goods and services” https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Pci.html

Ecological productive capacity¶

Earth Reserve Index – This composite index incorporates standard deviations of a limited selection of pivotal ecological outcome variables tracked with satellite data for 108 Ecosystem Functional Groups of the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology 2.0 https://global-ecosystems.org/, expressing each current state variable as a percentage changes from the base year to best and worst potential outcome for that variable.

+Terrestrial+

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Standard deviations for the highest three months each year, i.e. peak vegetation season https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/MeasuringVegetation/measuring_vegetation_1.php https://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Eduspace_Global_EN/SEMC6FNW91H_0.html

red* Soil Moisture Active Passive Index (SMAP)
Standard deviations for three month peak vegetation season plus one month before and after
https://www.nasa.gov/smap

+Marine+

Standard deviations for the highest three months each year, i.e. peak aquatic vegetation season

Normalized Difference Aquatic Vegetation Index (NDAVI) for low density vegetation
Water Adjusted Vegetation Index (WAVI) for medium-to-high density vegetation

Data Sources:
https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/

https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/home

Background: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/SPIE-Reviews/volume-2/issue-1/028001/Review-and-evaluation-of-remote-sensing-methods-for-soil-moisture/10.1117/1.3534910.full?SSO=1

Payment¶

At any time the transfer of ownership of Certified Subset Currency is accomplished with the re-assignment of a warehouse receipt, and a registry update, but with no movement of the securely-stored paper or polymer bills.

A Signatory of an Accession Letter to the Certified Subset Currency Framework who owns a paper or polymer currency bill stored in a Certified Subset Currency Warehouse may transfer ownership to any other Signatory, by completing both of the following two actions:

Assign and give full possession of the Certified Subset Currency Warehouse Receipt with the particular serial number to the other Signatory of the same or a more recent version of the framework. The Warehouse Receipt itself must be updated with the identity and contact details of the new owner of the paper or polymer currency bill.
Validate that the Certified Subset Currency Registry is also updated with the identity and contact details of the new owner of the corresponding currency bill.

While respecting the privacy and confidentiality of the parties, every apparent ownership discrepancy that arises between a Certified Subset Currency Warehouse Receipt and the Certified Subset Currency Registry shall be:

Immediately documented for all Signatories via the CSCFA Steering Committee’s official Web site and messaging networks; and,
Promptly resolved under the accountability and oversight of the CSCFA Steering Committee.
Reviewed as part of regular quarterly audits, ‘arms length’ from the Steering Committee.

Certified Subset Currency Working Group¶

Participants are invited to share models, empirical analyses and viewpoints through the Certified Currency Working Group:

Notes:
[1] The Principles of International Commercial Contracts are published by the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law / L'Institut international pour l'unification du droit privé (UNIDROIT). Article 4.1 (Intention of the parties) states that "(1) A contract shall be interpreted according to the common intention of the parties. (2) If such an intention cannot be established, the contract shall be interpreted according to the meaning that reasonable persons of the same kind as the parties would give to it in the same circumstances." An example of extraneous drift and volatility is the dramatic increase in farm machinery prices since 2020, which undermines agricultural supply contracts and market integrity:
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCU333111333111
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCU333111333111C

[2] In 1878 W. Stanley Jevons put forward what has since become the most widely referenced statement of the ideal functions of money: “medium of exchange”, “means of payment”, “unit of account” and “standard for deferred payment”. But he cautioned: “We are so accustomed to use the one same substance in all the four different ways, that they tend to become confused together in thought.” (p. 16) Jevons’ terminology for the functions of money is quoted almost universally by economists and others, yet the confusion he warned of remains commonplace. This is perhaps because his chosen words “medium”, “means”, “unit” and “standard” are rarely understood with precision even amongst economists. We therefore re-state Jevons’ ideal function of money in simpler language as: “a generally accepted standard of comparative worth amongst all persons of a given region, and amongst regions, at a given time, and through time”. (Potvin 2022, p. 12)
Jevons, W. S. (1876). Money and the Mechanism of Exchange. Appleton & Company (Facsimile reproduced by Nabu Press).Jevons, W. S. (1876). Money and the Mechanism of Exchange. Appleton & Company p. 16
Potvin, J. (2022). Worth Expressed with Money Through Price. Draft paper in partial fulfillment of a Doctorate in Administration (Project Management). Université du Québec.

[3] Gift certificates are considered by governments to be a form of money. For example in Canada: "Legislative reference: Section 181.2 of the Excise Tax Act (''ETA'') 181.2 Gift certificates — For the purposes of this Part, the issuance or sale of a gift certificate for consideration shall be deemed not to be a supply and, when given as consideration for a supply of property or a service, the gift certificate shall be deemed to be money." https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/forms-publications/publications/p-202/gift-certificates.html

[4] Article 5.1.7 (Comment 4) of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts states: "In some situations the price is to be fixed by reference to external factors, typically a published index, or quotations on a commodity exchange”.